cacoseraph
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Bacillus thuringiensis (links discussion)http://books.google.com/books?id=...p;sig=-TWxMWoFK3uRsQY5eyibPPH9bqQ
~"virulence of bacteria and fungi decreases below 18*c, with optimal developement of some at 21-29*C"
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cacoseraph
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http://entweb.clemson.edu/scesweb/archives/233/111.pdf
Effects of Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Corn and
Permethrin on Nontarget Arthropods
1 page. kind of weak
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cacoseraph
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bib
http://www.environmental-entomology.co.uk/invbacsa.html
37 J.A. Addison, S.B. Holmes 1996 Effect of two commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki on the forest earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26 1594-1601 earthworms, soils, pesticides, nontarget
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cacoseraph
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http://www.google.com/search?hl=e...=bacillus+thuringiensis+arachnids
http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r...ument&doi=10.1603%2F0022-0493(2005)098%5B0814%3AAOSNAD%5D2.0.CO%3B2
abs
| Quote: | | Certain neonicotinoids are used in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), to control various piercing–sucking pests. We conducted field studies using three neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid) and an organophosphate (dicrotophos) to assess the activity of these insecticides against nontarget arthropods, particularly predators, and to determine the potential economic consequences of such activity. Mortality among populations of the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), and the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was highest after thiamethoxam and dicrotophos treatments. Numbers of arachnids were consistently lower after dicrotophos treatments, whereas none of the neonicotinoids caused appreciable mortality. Total predators in pooled data from five separate studies revealed that numbers, compared with untreated plots, were reduced by 75% in dicrotophos, 55–60% in thiamethoxam, and only 30% in both acetamiprid and imidacloprid plots. Acetamiprid and thiamethoxam exhibited significant mortality against field-deposited eggs of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Both thiamethoxam and dicrotophos plots exhibited bollworm numbers that were approximately three times higher than treatment thresholds (three per 100 plants), whereas numbers in untreated plots were below threshold levels. In one study on Bt cotton, a significant negative correlation was observed between numbers of predators and bollworm larvae. Results demonstrated that neonicotinoids differ in activity against predaceous arthropods and bollworm eggs and that high predator mortality can result in resurgence of bollworm larvae and additional insecticide costs. |
http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20043158435
Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on the immature stage of Ornithodoros savignyi (Argasidae).
abs
| Quote: | | The potential activity for the two varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (kurstaki and israelensis) was evaluated against fourth instar nymph of Ornithodoros savignyi. Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel-2x) was more effective than B. thuringiensis israelensis (Vectobac). The effect of this bacterium on the haemolymph protein alteration of the previously mentioned tick, using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and the histopathological changes of the nymphs were also studied. |
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